Start studying AP Psychology Ch 2. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Learn ap psychology with free interactive flashcards. Some images used in this set are licensed under the Creative Commons through Flickr.com.Click to see the original works with their full license. Start studying Module 17 AP Psychology. AP® Psychology 2009 Scoring Guidelines . an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. AP Psychology. 102 Questions | By Emilyshorey | Last updated: Feb 15, 2013 | Total Attempts: 1658 . Social phenomena can affect individuals in a variety of ways, including in the attitudes they form, the attributions they make, the people they find attractive, and the prosocial and antisocial behaviors they perform. AP Class Notes & Handouts. The criteria for the number of points a student must earn on the AP Exam to receive scores of 3, Difficulty. As you prepare for your AP Psychology exam, you will encounter many theories of emotion. Course Description* AP Psychology is a course for advanced students who are interested in learning about human behavior from a scientific perspective.The class follows a curriculum designed to prepare students for the AP Psychology Exam, which is administered every May. Psychology Announcements. Also known as the cross-race effect and the own-race bias. Review Videos: Powered by Create your own unique website with customizable templates. Try our free quiz to prepare for the AP Psychology learning questions. During the Quiz End of Quiz. Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard. Myers' Psychology for AP* eBook. Myers' Psychology for AP* eBook. Norms prescribe "proper" behavior. the Latin for "I"; in Freud's theories, the mediator between the demands of the id and the superego, in a toddler, the belief that others perceive the world in the same way that he or she does, counterpart to the Oedipus complex for females, a treatment in which low level electric current is passed through the brain, early stage of human development, when cells have begun to differentiate, James-Lange, Cannon-Baird and Singer-Schachter are three, conversion of sensory information into a form that can be retained as a memory, the slow messenger system of the body; produces hormones that affect many bodily functions, neurotransmitters that give one a feeling of well-being, euphoria or eliminate pain, describes a type of memory that includes specific events that one has personally experienced, perspective that stresses the value of behavior in Darwinian terms, form of scientific investigation in which one variable is tested to determine its effect on another, subjects in an experiment to whom the independent variable is administered, term that describes memories that can be consciously recalled, this term describes what you have if your behaviors are driven mainly by outside forces, in classical conditioning, the process of eliminating the previously acquired association of the conditioned stimulus and conditioned response, one of the Big 5, a personality trait orients one's interests toward the outside world and other people, rather than inward, term that describes motivations that drive behavior in order to gain rewards from outside forces, a belief that others share the same opinion about something, when actually most don't, the ability of the brain to identify specific components of visual stimuli such as corners or edges, sometimes the result in a child of the mother's excessive drinking while pregnant, characterized by low birth weight, facial abnormalities, mental retardation, a stage in human development extending from about ten weeks after conception to birth, refers to our ability to distinguish foreground from background in visual images, describes the schedule of reinforcement wherein a worker receives a paycheck every Friday, describes a schedule of reinforcement wherein a worker is paid for a certain sum for each product produced, term describes a vivid memory of a personally significant and emotional event, term describes a type of intelligence used to cope with novel situations and problems, term describes a type of intelligence which applies cultural knowledge to solving problems, term describes a phenomenon in which people who agree to a small request are more likely to later agree to a larger request, One of Piaget's stages; includes the ability to use abstract thinking, theory of hearing which states that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the tone's frequency, the tendency to think about things only in terms of their usual uses; can be a hindrance to creative thinking, William James's school of thought that stressed the adaptive and survival value of behaviors, tendency to attribute others' behavior to their dispositions and our own behaviors to our situations, Seyle's concept that the body responds to stress with alarm, resistance and exhaustion, Erikson's stage of social development in which middle-aged people begin to devote themselves more to fulfilling one's potential and doing public service, made of DNA, it is the basic building block of heredity, Freud's stage of psychosexual development when adult sexuality is prominent, German word for "whole", it refers to our tendency to perceive incomplete figures as complete, this acts as a support system for neurons, a group's determination of socially acceptable behavior, tendency of group members to move to an extreme position after discussing an issue as a group, tendency for group members to think alike with certainty of correctness, biased perceptions of outgroup members, and generally defective decision-making processes, a false sensory perception that seems to be real but for which there is not an actual external stimulus, a substance capable of producing a sensory effect in the absence of real external sensory stimuli, the extent to which differences in a group of a characteristic is due to genetics, not environment, a useful, but unprovable, cognitive shortcut, such as a "rule of thumb", Maslow's theory of the most important motivations people have, the tendency, after an event occurs, to overestimate the likelihood that an event could have been predicted, limbic system component associated with memory, the steady, stable state that is the body's regulatory processes try to maintain, chemical substance secreted by endocrine glands that affect body processes, perspective in psychology that stresses the goodness of people and their possibility of reaching their fullest potential, it is regulated by the lateral hypothalamus and the ventromedial hypothalamus, a social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain events or emotions will occur, a disorder characterized by an unreasonable fear that one has a serious disease, limbic system component that regulates hunger, body temperature and other functions, a prediction of how the an experiment will turn out, in Freud's conception, the repository of the basic urges toward sex and agression, Erikson's stage during which teenagers and young adults search for and become their true selves, evidence of critical period in some animals; they follow the first moving thing they see after hatching, tendency to favor one's own group over other groups, an external stimulus that tends to encourage behavior, type of variable manipulated by the experimenter, culture in which the individual is valued more highly than the group, Erikson's stage between 6 and 11 years, when the child learns to be productive, Adler's conception of a basic feeling of inadequacy stemming from childhood experiences, humans accomplish this either in parallel (unconsciously) or in serial fashion (consciously), agreement to participate in psychology research, after being appraised of the dangers and benefits of the research, Erikson's third stage in which the child finds independence in planning, playing and other activities, a legal term describing one's inability to be responsible for one's action due to the condition of the mind, in psychoanalysis, the basic understanding one develops of the underlying sources of emotion or behavioral difficulty, inability to fall asleep or remain asleep long enough for sufficient rest, a complex pattern of behavior that is fixed across a species, Erikson's final stage in which those near the end of life look back and evaluate their lives, the ability to learn from experience, to use information, to understand things, the average is 100; there are many definitions of this attribute, including multiple and crystallized, people with this tned to respond to internal states and desires; they tend to see their successes as the result of their own efforts, cells in the spinal cord through which reflexes travel without going to the brain, monocular visual cue in which two objects are in the same line of vision and one patially conceals the other, indicating that the first object concealed is further away, Erikson's stage in which individuals form deeply personal relationships, marry, begin families, term that describes motivations that derive from one's interest in the object of the motivation, rather than from rewards that one might gain, a personality trait that signifies that one finds energy from internal sources rather than external ones, theory of emotion in which physiological arousal precedes the emotion, phenomenon that describes the belief that what happens to people is what they deserve, the threshold at which one can distinguish two stimuli that are of different intensities, but otherwise identical, sense of balance and of one's physical position, Freud's stage of psychosexual development occuring from about age 6 to puberty during which little happens in psychosexual terms, the hidden or disguised meaning of dreams, a change in behavior due to experience acquired without conscious effort, s, for example, a student using a quote in an exam essay that the student had never tried to memorize, though had encountered it in studying, Thorndike's rule that behaviors which have positive outcomes tend to be repeated, lack of motivation to avoid unpleasant stimuli after one has failed before to escape similar stimuli, a curved, transparent element of the vision system that provides focus, any destruction or damage to brain tissue, in psychopharmacology, this is used to control bipolar symptoms, describes research that measures a trait in a particular group of subjects over a long period of time, refers to memory that is stored effectively in the brain and may be accessed over an extended period of time, a possible source of the formation of memories; improvement in a neuron's ability to transmit caused by repeated stimulations, describes a dream in which the dreamer is aware that he or she is dreaming and is able to influence the progress of the dream narrative, describes a type of visual memory that is retained for a long time; photographic, high state of arousal, often accompanied by poor judgment, describes, in Freudian terms, the surface content of a dream, a drug, often smoked, whose effects include euphoria, impairment of judgment and concentration and occasionally hallucinations; rarely reported as addictive, part of the brain nearest the spinal cord which controls breathing, heart rate and blood pressure, functions associated with this include encoding, storage and retrieval, developed by Binet; equal to one's chronological age times the percentage score on an IQ test, this phenomenon causes one to prefer a stimulus as a consequence of repeated exposures to that stimulus, particularly is there is no adverse result of the exposure, the initials of a long, detailed personality inventory; Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, method of improving memory by associating new information with previously learned information, the most commonly occurring term in a batch of data, the process of observing and imitating a behavior, terms that means "one eyed", used to indicate the sort of of environmental cues to depth perception that only require one eye, for example, interposition, in language, the smallest unit that carries meaning, a depth cue in which the relative movement of elements in a scene gives depth information when the observer moves relative to the scene, a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior, an area of the brain, near the rear of the frontal lobes, that controls voluntary movement, this carries information from the brain to the muscles; also called "efferent", a technique that enables us to see static images of the brain's structures; uses magnetism to achieve this effect, previously called multiple personality disorder; disorder where personality is segmented into 3+ identities; often controversial; often accompanied by sever trauma at a young age, a layer of fatty tissue encasing a neuron's axon that speeds transmission, a disorder characterized by sudden sleep attacks, often at inopportune times, term refers to observations made of individual's behavior in an everyday life setting, name for a controversy in which it is debated whether genetics or environment is responsible for driving behavior, in operant conditioning, removing something unpleasant in order to elicit more of a particular behavior, the fundamental building block of the nervous system, perspective on psychology that emphasizes the study of the brain and its effects on behavior, a chemical that is released by a neuron for the purpose of carrying information across the gaps (synapses) between neurons, describes a stimulus in classical conditioning that would normally not elicit the response intended, such as the tone in Pavlov's experiments before it was associated with the food, also called sleep terror disorder, these include the characteristic of waking abruptly in a state of panic, usually in children, less often in adults, describes a symmetrical, bell shaped curve that shows the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes, refers to sleep during which there is no rapid eye movement, condition of having excess body fat resulting in being greatly overweight, recognition that things continue to exist even though hidden from sight; infants generally gain this after 3 to 7 months of age, change in behavior due to watching other people behave, an anxiety disorder characterized by repetitive obsessions and compulsions, this lobe contains the primary vision processing function, in Freud's theory, the conflict which results in a boy gaining a superego and beginning to emulate his father, the first brain structure to pick up smell information from the nose, a procedure in which reinforcement occurs when a specific behavior does not occur in a fixed period of time, a method of influencing behavior by rewarding desired behaviors and punishing undesired ones, a description of an experimental variable in such a way that the variable can be measured and the procedure can be replicated, the point in the brain where the visual field information from each eye "crosses over" to the appropriate side of the brain for processing, the axons of the ganglion cells form this, Freud's first stage of psychosexual development during which pleasure is centered in the mouth, term used in both vision theory and emotion theory, generally, any group that one does not belong to, membrane at the enterance to the cochlea through which the ossicles transmit vibrations, characterized by recurrent, unexpected panic attacks, a type of schizophrenia characterized by prominent delusions that are persecutory or grandiose, the branch of the nervous system that automatically calms us down when the reason for arousal has passed, this ailment, whose symptoms includes tremors and later difficulty walking, is caused by inability to produce dopamine, the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, the subsystem of the nervous system that does not include the CNS, describes a parenting style that is characterized by the parent making few demands on the child, therapy developed by Rogers featuring the patient's self-discovery and actualization; also called client-centered, a consistent pattern of thinking, acting, feeling, method of brain imaging using positron emissions, name for Freud's stage which features the Oedipus stage, in language, smallest distinctive sound unit, gland that is the master gland of the endocrine system, the idea that different sound frequencies stimulate different locations on the basilar membrae, an inert substance given to the control group in an experiment, phenomenon that some people get better even though they receive not medication but an inert substance which should have no medical effect, the ability of the brain to adapt to damage by reorganizing functions, part of the brain, works with the cerebellum in coordinating voluntary movement; neural stimulation studied in activation synthesis theory may originate here, all of the individuals from which subjects for an experiment may be drawn, field of study which concentrates on good psychological traits such as contentment and joy; it also studies character traits such as wisdom, integrity and altruism, initials representing a disorder in which one relives painfully stressful events, in Freud's theory, the level of consciousness in which thoughts and feelings are not conscious but are readily retrieveable to consciousness, Kohlberg's stage of moral development in which rewards and punishments dominate moral thinking, a negative attitude formed toward an individual or group without sufficient experience with the person or group, Piaget's second stage of cognitive development, when egocentrism declines, when prior learning disrupts the recall of new information, defense mechanism in which one disguises one's won unacceptable impulses by attributing them to others, term describes a personality test in which ambiguous stimuli trigger revelation of inner feelings, thoughts, medical doctor who has specialized in treating psychological disorders, term describes the perspective on psychology in which inner feeling and unconscious tensions are emphasized, the study of the effects of drugs on the mind and behavior, can be either positive or negative, intended to reduce the occurrence of a behavior, term that describes assignment in which all subjects have an equal chance of being assigned to the control group or to the experimental group, Albert Ellis's form of therapy for psychological disorders, "The only reason I flunked the test is because our teacher is no good. Enterprising students use this website to learn AP class material, study for class quizzes and tests, and to brush up on course material before the big exam day. this cognitive short cut enables one to generalization based on how closely a stimulus matches a typical member of a class; given a picture of a man in a tweed jacket with a textbook, is this man a professor or a truck driver? Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get, any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy, the principle that frustration- the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal- creates anger which can generate aggression, the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them, an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship, the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined, a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it, revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others, unselfish regard for the welfare of others, the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present, the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs, an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them, an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them, a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas, a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior, mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive, a belief that leads to its own fulfillment, shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation, Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction - a strategy designed to decrease international tensions. 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